INTRODUCTION: The aim of this paper is to investigate the radiopacity of calcium hydroxide-based medications via means of contemporary image analyzing methods.
METHODS: Three commercial calcium hydroxide-based medications were used. Radiographic image data was obtained according to the International Organization for Standardization #6876(2012) specifications. Region of interest was determined for each specimen. Mean (±SD) grey values of the X-ray image data was measured with an image analyzing software. The calibration curve was created by curve-plotting software and the mean grey-values were matched versus Al values (mm Al). Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test.
RESULTS: The radiopacity values of all medications are significantly different (p<0.05). The rank of the radiopacity values: TempCanal (4.94±0.31mmAl) > ProCalR (2.63±0.05mmAl) > Control (2.19±0.11mmAl).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There was a high difference in the radiopacity values of the radiopaque calcium hydroxide-based medicaments. Although the medicaments showed radiopacity of 2.19 to 4.94 mm aluminum equivalent, only TempCanal had values above the international standards as 3 mm aluminum equivalent.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the postoperative complications that reported by the parents in healthy children (age range 2-14 years) following dental treatments under general anesthesia
METHODS: Healthy and uncooperative children undergoing dental general anesthesia were included in the study. Data were collected from the volunteer parents by conducting a survey on phone 1 day and 7 days after the procedure.
RESULTS: 201 pediatric patients participated in this study with an average age of 4,54 ± 0,81 years and the mean procedure time was 2,05±0,33 hours. At day 1, the most common postoperative morbidity was agitation (73,6%), followed by pain which required analgesic administration (66,5%) and drowsiness/weariness (30,8%). Almost all of the parents (98%) stated that they had received sufficient information about the general anesthesia procedure and the postoperative period. The postoperative pain (12,5%) significantly decreased at day 7 and 92% of the parents reported considerable decrease in dental related problems which experienced by their child during daily activities.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Postoperative symptoms such as agitation, pain, need for analgesics could occur commonly in children following dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia. It is important to inform parents about the morbidities that may occur after the procedure.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors associated with mandibular third molar extraction difficulty.
METHODS: The effect of demographic, clinical, radiological datas and anxiety level on the extraction difficulty level of the patients who had mandibular third molar extraction were evaluated. The extraction time and a 100-mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) filled by the surgeon were used to determine the difficulty of mandibular third molar extraction.
RESULTS: Based on the multivariate regression analyzes, maximum mouth opening (p<0.001), the relationship of the tooth with the ramus and its depth (p<0.001, p=0.032), root number (p =0.003), root-mandibular canal relationship (p=0.008) and anxiety level (p<0.001) were significant predictors for operation time. VAS extraction difficulty level was significantly associated with maximum mouth opening (p<0.001), depth level of the tooth (p<0.001), root number (p=0.042), root-mandibular canal relationship (p<0.007) and anxiety level (p<0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although many factors contribute to extraction difficulty of mandibular third molar extraction, maximum mouth opening, relationship of the tooth with the ramus and anxiety level are more effective on the extraction time, and maximum mouth opening, depth level of the tooth and the anxiety level appears to be more effective for VAS extraction difficulty scores.

INTRODUCTION: Periodontal diseases are classified as Periodontal and Peri-implant disease and conditions according to the 2017 World Workshop. With this new classification, gingival healthy patients (GH) were divided into 2 different groups, including gingival health in stable periodontium and reduced but healthy periodontium. Depression is one of the most common psychiatric diseases. The aim of this study to assessment the relationship between oral health and depression with this new classification and to show the effect of depression on patients with gingival disease and initial periodontitis.
METHODS: This study consists of questionnaires and clinical evaluations which determine plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding index, Bop index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level. The questionnaire was based on demographic information and Beck Depression Inventory. Patients were evaluated who have clinical gingival healthy (s-GH), reduced but healthy periodontium (R-GH), gingivitis (G) and stage I periodontitis (SI-P) by used Beck Depression Inventory
RESULTS: The mean age of 119 participants was 33.41 ± 6.66 years ranging from 22 to 50 year-old in this study. There was no significant statistically relationship between age,gender and depression symptoms. Depression was associated PI(Plak ındex), Gıngıval Index, BOP Index, and PD. p=0.000
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: A statistically relationship between depresif symptoms and periodontitis was found.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the search was to assess the quality and reliability of web-based information about space maintainer in pediatric patients.
METHODS: Research was carried out on the internet using Google search engine with the nine keywords about space maintainer. The study was conducted in Turkish on a total of 270 websites. Websites were evaluated with the quality criteria for Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmarks,
RESULTS: No websites met all JAMA criteria. 3 websites met the author's criteria. 9 websites were currency. There was only one website included references. None of website included disclosure criteria.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: A large amount of information about space maintainer in pediatric patients on websites was generally inadequate. It is necessarry that internet information should be updated on a regular basis.

INTRODUCTION: Aim of this study is to compare the mechanical properties of dental hard tissues and caries lesions at different stages by nanoindentation method.
METHODS: Partially erupted extracted lower third molar teeth, were utilized for the nanoindentation test. Specimens were prepared in the form of 2 mm. thick disks and separated into 5 groups (n=10) to test the stress, strain, hardness, modulus of elasticity, yield strength, fracture toughness and elastic recovery values of each sample with the DUH-W201S nanoindentation device. The differences between the groups was examined with the Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney-U tests, while the changes of sound enamel and dentin due to demineralization were examined with Wilcoxen Sum Rank Test (p=0.01).
RESULTS: The hardness, stress, elastic modulus, yield strength and fracture toughness values of healthy enamel tissue were higher than the other groups. While hardness and stress values obtained from demineralized enamel and dentin tissues decreased by 90% compared to healthy dental tissues, strain (265%), fracture toughness (45%) and elastic recovery values (160%) increased. Besides the difference between demineralized enamel and dentin was significant (p=0.000), there was no difference between enamel and dentin caries (p=0.099).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Demineralization in dental tissues reduces mechanical properties and makes the structure more flexible and softer.

INTRODUCTION: Bulk-fill composites are used in clinics based on their advantages compared to the conventional composites. The aim of the study was to compare the microhardness properties of bulk-fill and incremental insertion techniques.
METHODS: Three different bulk-fill composites (Group-1: Tetric Evo Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent,Schaan-Liechteinstein), Group-2: Quixfill (Dentsply De Trey, Konstaz-Germany), Group-3: Ever X Posterior (GC Corp., Tokyo-Japan)), and a conventional composite material (Group-4: Tetric N-Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan-Liechstein)) were used in the study. Fourteen samples prepared for each group and divided into 2 groups according to curing durations (20s/40s). Microhardness was determined from the lower and upper surfaces of the samples. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA, t and Bonferroni Post-hoc tests.
RESULTS: The microhardness values obtained from the lower and upper surfaces of Group-2 were higher than the other groups in both curing durations. The lowest microhardness values were obtained in Group-4 (p<0.05). A positive correlation was found between the curing times and the microhardness values obtained from the lower and upper surfaces of the materials in all groups (p<0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Considering that the microhardness values of the bulk-fill composite materials are significantly higher than the conventional material, it’s thought that they can be preferable especially in pediatric dentistry.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: The aim of this study is to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of Perfect RC Gold and RC Blue NiTi files at body temperature.

METHODS: Perfect RC Gold (25.08) ve RC Blue (25.08) reciprocating files were included in the present study (n=12). All tested files were used in an artificial stainless steel canal with 3 mm radius and 90° angle of curvature according to the manufacturer instruction. The time to failure of files was recorded. The number of cycles to failure of the files were calculated and the data were analysed with Student t test
RESULTS: The number of cycles to failure value of the RS Gold file was statistically significantly higher than that of the RS Blue file (p<0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of the present study, the cyclic fatigue resistance of the Perfect RS Gold NiTi file was higher than that of the Perfect RS Blue file.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: The loss of vitality and cessation of root development in immature permanent teeth are frequently encountered in children due to traumatic injuries and deep caries. In this three series case study, we aimed to present the clinical and radiological follow-ups after 3 and 4 years following regenerative endodontic therapy of an open apex premolar and two central incisors using platelet-rich fibrin.

METHODS: In all the three cases, the intracanal disinfection was performed with limited mechanical instrumentation, abundant irrigation, and calcium hydroxide. At the final appointment, intracanal bleeding was induced. PRF which was obtained by centrifuging the blood withdrawn from the patients, was placed with plugger into the blood clot that reached up to the coronal 1/3rd level of the canal
RESULTS: In the 24-month controls, the lesions around the roots were completely healed, the dentin walls were thickened, and the root lengths were elongated. In the 48-month controls of the other two cases, the roots development were continued and their apexes were closed.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results postulated that regenerative endodontic treatment of necrotic immature teeth using PRF is a viable alternative to the apexification treatment and other endodontic treatment methods of immature permanent teeth in achieving thickened dentin walls and elongated root lengths.

Odontomas refer to tumors of odontogenic origin and have been extensively reported in dental literature. Though the exact etiology is still unknown, the postulated causes include local trauma, infection, inheritance and genetic mutation. Odontomas are the commonly occurring benign tumors of the jaw, which are odontogenic in origin. Most of the lesions are located inside alveolar bones neighbouring teeth and/or roots causing eruption delay of permanent teeth, asymmetric tooth eruption, malpositioning, displacement, resorption, or occasional devitalization of adjacent teeth. In this article, a rare case of complex odontoma located in the maxillary sinus in a 64 year old women was presented. An early diagnosis of an asymptomatic, rarely seen maxillary sinüs odontoma in the 6th decade was done including clinical, radiographic and histopathologic evaluations to prevent further problems and complications. Differential diagnosis, excision and histopathological evaluation of odontomas located inside the maxillary sinus should be done immediately.