Alveolar ridge defects occur in edentulous ridges because of hard and soft tissue changes after tooth loss due to tumors, periodontal diseases, implant loss etc. Even alveolar ridge defects could be treated using both hard and soft tissue grafts or their combination, hard tissue augmentation may not be necessary and only augmentation of the soft tissue could be adequate if dental implant treatment is not to be undertaken.
Both free and pediculated soft tissue grafts were described. Roll technique and vascularized interpositional periosteal-connective tissue grafts are frequently used as pediculated connective tissue grafts, and most frequently used free grafts are connective tissue and free gingival grafts, interpositional, onlay, interpositional/onlay graft combinations and acelluler dermal matrix.
Although the advantages of the techniques is well described, studies comparing the clinical outcomes of these methods are limited. The aim of the present review is to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of soft tissue augmentation techniques in the treatment of alveolar ridge defects and to compare the clinical outcomes of these techniques.
It can be concluded that, selection criteria of the appropriate soft tissue augmentation technique today are generally based on the clinical predictability of the techniques and the experience level of the surgeon.

Radiographs are the most accurate diagnostic aid available in the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease. 2 dimensional (2-D) systems imaging systems used routinely in periodontology are not effective to detect the early bone changes according to the periodontal disease. Even though 3-D systems available such as Computed Tomography (CT) and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT ) has become a valuable imaging modality in periodontology to determine a three-dimensional (3D) architecture of osseous defects, they all have limitations like high cost and high radiation dose. Results of studies testing alternative methods such as Tuned Aperture Computed Tomography (TACT) or Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) for the detection and localization of osseous changes associated with periodontitis are encouraging. In addition, digital image analysis are commonly used to quantify changes in oral bone facilitates both qualitative and quantitative visualization of even minor density changes in bone. The aim of this review is to evaluate the alternative methods using for the early detection and localization of osseous changes associated with periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: This in vitro study aimed to determine the antibacterial effects of ozone with different types of ozone generator and different application times on Streptoccoccus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus.
METHODS: Methods: Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus were activated by incubation and the brackets (n=30) were then immersed into the tubes containing the activated respective bacteria. Bacteria were attached to the brackets by waiting 2 hours, and then the viable of the bacteria on brackets were counted. The brackets were placed on sterile glass petri dishes and of 5 different applications of ozone were generated with two types of ozone generator (Prozone WH, Germany and Ozonytron, Germany) on contaminated brackets. After the ozone application procedure the bacteria on the brackets were then again counted and the killing activity was tested by change of the viability.
RESULTS: The changes in the viability of S. mutans and L. Acidophilus on brackets after the application of ozone with two kinds of ozone generator were varied from 45.27-99.90% and 66.33-99.83% respectively.
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, ozone has a strong antibacterial activity against S. mutans and lactobacillus acidophilus and the bactericidal effect was affected by different application times and concentrations.

OBJECTIVE: Diabetes negatively affects periodontal health, it is known that periodontal infections negatively affect the glycemic control.. Interactions of bacterial carbonhydrate residues and specific protiens for carbonhydrates (lectins) in the organs are essential fort he formation of the infections. Therefore, glycoconjugates are very important for the migration of bacteries to the gingiva cause saprodontia and adhesion to tissues. In this study, we aimed to assess the alternations of galactose, lactose, N- acetyl galactoseamine and N- acetyl glucoseamine which are located in the cell surface and extracellulary matrix of gingiva cells belong to the rats experimentally diabetes caused.
METHODS: In this study constituted each test and control groups of 10 rats, To create diabetes in rats, 0.01 M sodium citrate buffer in a single dose of streptozotocin 50mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally. Similar to the control group animals, the experimental group was administered intraperitoneally at the same rate of 0.01 M sodium citrate buffer. Euthanasia of rats with the gums. Kriostat-thin sections were obtained 6 microM. Tissues, glucose (ECL, ECA, WGA), galactose (EEL, GSL I, BSL I) and lactose (RCA I, RCA120) with the lectins were incubated with biotinylated, lectins, joints DAB (3'-3'-diaminobenzidine) was visualized by color substrate. Evaluation of reactions carried out under the light microscope.
RESULTS: Research at the end of the gingival tissue in the glucose, lactose, and mannose units fukoz lektinlerle specific binding in the control group, more severe than in the experiment; sialic acid units to connect the trial group were more intense.
CONCLUSION: The mechanism by which these changes in gingival tissue of rats with diabetes to occur, and how the impact on the pathogenesis of gum disease that is thought to be necessary to establish the new work is done.

The purpose of this case report is to present the treatment of patient with excessive gingival display during smiling and misaligned maxillary teeth. A healthy 23-year old female patient was dissatisfied from misalignment and short appearance of her maxillary anterior teeth. Treatment options were consultated with a specialist in periodontology. Treatment procedures included minimal invasive periodontal surgery and tooth preparation for porcelain laminate veneers.

Objectives: Ankaferd, medicinal plant extract, has previously been used in Turkish traditional medicine as a hemostatic agent. Bleeding disorders are rare condition require specialist management. Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) may be a useful agent for non-surgical periodontal therapy in these patients. The aim of this case-series study was to estimate the effects of local ABS application to manage bleeding following non-surgical periodontal therapy in these patients.
Methods: Ten gingivitis patients (9 males, 1 female) aged 20-33 years were selected with bleeding disorders (Haemophilia A, von Willebrand disease and Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia). Non-surgical periodontal therapy including oral hygiene instructions and supra- and subgingival scaling procedures were performed in one appointment, after consultation with the hematologist, without systemic substitution of coagulation factors. After the completion of scaling, ABS was locally applied to gingival crevicular to reduce bleeding. A secondary hemorrhage did not occur in any of the patients and gingival tissue healing proceeded without any complications.
Results: In the present case series, local application of ABS to gingival pockets following supra- and subgingival scaling procedures was effective to manage bleeding in these patients.
Conclusion: Our cases clearly showed that ABS provides benefit for non-surgical periodontal therapy in bleeding disorders.

Success of endodontic treatment depends on the proper identification of all the roots and canals, thorough chemo-mechanical preparation followed by three dimensional obturation with hermetic seal. This case report describes, the detection and during endodontic treatment of difficulties in mandibular molar teeth with radix entomolaris.