INTRODUCTION: Aim of this study is to discuss the reasons for treating pediatric patients under general anesthesia, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores, systemic disease, consultations, endocarditis prophylaxis, need for repeated general anesthesia and dental treatment in the light of the literature.
METHODS: In our study, files in the archives of medicine and dentistry faculties and general anesthesia-dental treatment consents of 188 patients aged 1-16 were examined. The information obtained as a result of the examination was evaluated under the headings of “demographic data, ASA scores, general anesthesia experience, prophylaxis, systemic diseases, consultations, reasons for general anesthesia and dental treatments”.
RESULTS: Of the 188 patients operated with 99(52.66%) ASAII, 70(37.23%) ASAI and 19(10.11%) ASAIII risk. The most common systemic diseases were epilepsy (48%) followed by CVS diseases (36%). The departments referred for consultation are pediatrics (39.46%), pediatric neurology (31.97%) and pediatric cardiology (12.24%). Causes of general anesthesia; 49(26.06%) patients were uncooperative and 139(73.94%) patients were in need of special health care needs. 2143 dental treatments were performed which were 1220(56.93%) restorative treatment, 193(9.01%) endodontic treatment, 645(30.10%) tooth extraction,47(2.19%) preventive treatment and 38(1.77%) of Phase-I periodontal therapy.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: General anesthesia is effective and reliable treatment method in the dental treatment of children with uncooperation and special health care needs.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dental practitioners’ genders and number of years of experience on their attitudes, preferences, and clinical behavior regarding the repair of amalgam and direct composite resin restorations.
METHODS: A five-item questionnaire comprising multiple-choice questions was emailed to dentists in Turkey via the Turkish Dental Association (TDA). The data obtained from responses to the questionnaire were analyzed using a chi-square test to make comparisons between genders, length of experience, and responses regarding restoration repair at a significance level of α<0.05 (IBM SPSS Statistics v23.0 software). Categorical variables were presented numerically and as percentages.
RESULTS: The questionnaire was answered by 816 dentists, most of whom practiced restoration repair (n=671; 82.2%). A high percentage (85.8%, n=700) of the dentists prioritized repairing restorations that they had previously made. Gender and length of experience had a significant effect on the preferences, attitudes, and clinical behavior of dentists (p<0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: According to the results, gender and length of experience had a significant effect on the preferences, attitudes, and clinical behavior of dentists regarding restoration repair. Nonetheless, it was found that 4.8% of the dentists (n=39) did not prefer to repair the amalgam restorations regardless of their gender or experience.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and location of significant radiographic findings in patients aged 65 years and above attending to a dentistry faculty.
METHODS: Panoramic radiographs from 1462 patients admitted within a one year period between the ages of 65-96 were included in the study (761 male, 701 female). The radiographs were evaluated for the following radiographic findings: impacted teeth, intrabony root remains, radiolucencies associated with teeth, radiopacities associated with localized sclerotic bone formation, soft tissue calcifications and ossifications, dental anomalies, bone pathologies and dental implants.
RESULTS: 239 of the 1462 patients had 307 intrabony root remains, 41.4% percent of these were maxillary molar teeth. 140 impacted teeth were found in 111 patients, 103 of which were third molars. 239 patients had unilateral or bilateral ossification of the stylohyoid ligament, and 168 patients had unilateral or bilateral calcifications related to the carotid artery.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the use of radiographic examination in addition to clinical examination is necessary especially in elderly patients because of the considerable percentage of positive findings. The knowledge of the prevalence of such positive findings aids dental practitioners for a proper treatment plan and helps in avoiding complications.

INTRODUCTION: At the present day, many videos hosting websites such as YouTube offer health-related information resources. Patients have been searching for online information prior to visiting dental practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the information on dental "veneers" in the videos on YouTube.
METHODS: Top 100 videos which are regarding "veneer" on YouTube, on 21st of March 2021 were recorded. DISCERN (Quality Criteria for Consumer Health Information) and JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association) benchmarks were used as assessment tools to evaluate content quality. Additionally, descriptive statistics data were reported using Microsoft Excel (v2019, Microsoft Corp).
RESULTS: Some videos were excluded for assessment because of irrelevance (17), duplication (4), being a commercial (5), or consisting only of video without relevant audio (8). The total DISCERN score was “fair” with a mean score of 41. Most of the videos scored as either fair or poor. None of the videos recorded meets all 4 criteria of the JAMA tool.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Even though Youtube videos have well potential to offer patients broad information regarding veneers, most of the contents of the sources should be considered low quality except for a few decent samples.

INTRODUCTION: The primary aim of this 2-years prospective observational study was to compare the marginal bone loss around implants between patients with healthy periodontal tissues and those with periodontitis history all of whom were in regular maintenance program. The secondary aim was to evaluate the possible relation of smoking on marginal bone loss around dental implants.
METHODS: Thirteen patients with periodontitis and seven periodontally healthy individuals were recruited. Periodontal and peri-implant clinical examination was performed in the maintenance visits and full-mouth debridement and oral hygiene instructions were provided if needed. Marginal bone levels were evaluated at 10-days, 1-month, 6-months and 2-years controls after implant placement.
RESULTS: Ten patients with periodontitis history (number of implants = 27) and six periodontally healthy individuals (number of implants = 10) completed the 2-years follow-up. In periodontitis group 4 and in healthy group 2 patients were smokers. At 6-months and 2-years, all clinical measurements and marginal bone loss exhibited significantly higher values in the periodontitis group.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Marginal bone loss was higher in smoker patients with periodontitis history despite the regular maintenance program. Frequent recall visits not less than twice a year are suggested to prevent severe marginal bone loss around dental implants particularly in smoker patients with a history of periodontitis.

INTRODUCTION: Good communication between oral health care providers and their patients plays an important role in the success of dental treatment provided. The aim of the present survey was to investigate the awareness of the dental students on the importance of communication skills and their willingness to be trained for improving their skills.
METHODS: A questionnaire including 22 questions to evaluate students' awareness of communication skills and their approach towards gaining communication skills was prepared and 3rd, 4th, and 5th year students were reached via sending an online link. The findings were evaluated statistically by Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon test and Correlation analysis.
RESULTS: While 346 of the 491 students participated the survey, 301 students answered all the questions of the questionnaire, thus the overall response rate was 61.3%. The majority of the students were aware of the importance of communication skills and willing to gain these skills during their dental education. Different genders and different classes exhibited differences in attitudes towards the evaluated aspects.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Overall, the students seem to be aware of the importance of the communication skills for their career and they are willing to gain these skills during their training in the dental school.

INTRODUCTION: To learn the perspectives of dentists working in Turkey on vital-pulpal-treatments (VPT) and knowledge about treatment-methods, to evaluate what they consider in practice, the rate of application of VPT, and whether more information is needed.
METHODS: Dentists listed in the TDB-database received an-email with a link to the survey. The survey involved 300-dentists. 26-questions are divided into four-sections of the survey. Seven demographic-related questions are posed to participants in the first-section, 19-questions about VPT in the following-sections. The IBM-SPSS-25.00-package-program was used to analyze the "Google-documents" data, and the chi-square/fisher exact test was utilized to identify the differences between groups. It was agreed that P=0.05.
RESULTS: 65% of the participants were general-practitioners, 35% were specialists. According to the answers given, 87.3% of the dentists stated that they had performed VPT. The most preferred materials were MTA (38.5%) and calcium-hydroxide (39.3%). As permanent-filling choice was the composite-restoration (74.4%). In cases such as irreversible-pulpitis, 53.3% of participants said they would give VPT a chance. The rate of who find VPT successful was 79.7%.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The majority of dentists perform VPT and view treatment positively. There are differences between dentists working in private-practices and universities and dentists working in the public-sector in terms of preference & practice.

INTRODUCTION: Evaluate the knowledge about orthodontic treatment, awareness of their own irregularities of patients referred to clinic for purpose of receiving orthodontic treatment.
METHODS: 21 question survey was administered to 101 individuals aged between 15-33. Questions cover participants' general orthodontic knowledge, awareness of existing irregularities, expectations from treatment. Descriptive statistics of the data were given as frequencies and percentages. Relationships between categorical variables were examined using the Pearson Chi-squared test.
RESULTS: 91.1%of patients were found to be aware that orthodontic treatment is performed for improvement of dental aesthetics, functioning, enhancement of facial appearance. 63.4% of patients believed early primary tooth loss could lead to orthodontic problems. Statistically significant differences were found between patients who didn’t have idea about positions of their jaws and those who didn’t agree that misalignment could increase incidence of cavities (p<0.05). It was observed that those who noticed misalignment in their family had previously visited orthodontic clinic (p=0.026).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Patients' visits to orthodontic clinic were more often due to dentist referrals rather than their own awareness. The majority of patients' treatment desires and reasons for clinic visits were related to concerns about appearance of teeth and smiles, their treatment expectations mainly revolved around improving smile aesthetics.The study determined that aesthetic gain from orthodontic treatment significantly contributes to enhancing patients' self-confidence.

INTRODUCTION: Patients' interest and demand for orthodontic treatment's increased over time. With emergence of various aesthetic concerns with increasing demand, alternatives to traditional bracket orthodontic treatment've been investigated. Effects of increasing popularity of clear aligner treatment on its preference've been wondered. Effect of social media on preference of clear aligner treatment being investigated.
METHODS: Voluntary 18-question questionnaire administered to 193 patients older than 15 years and their relatives who applied to Ege University Department of Orthodontics. Questions related education, sociodemographic status, clear aligner treatment, social-media, and previous orthodontic experiences of patients. Statistical analyses performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 program and p=0.05 determined. Comparison of qualitative variables performed Pearson Chi-square.
RESULTS: 91.7% of participants use social-media, 67.4% of this group uses social-media frequently during day. 61.1% female, 38.9% male. 91.75% of participants heard about clear aligner treatment from social-media. 29% wanted clear aligner treatment applied to them, while rate of those who'd no opinion was 50.8%.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There's no significant difference between demand for treatment according gender and use and frequency of social-media and interest in clear aligner treatment. Most of participants're between ages of 17-35. Participants aged 15-35 years more likely to prefer clear aligner treatment. Clear aligner treatment's mostly heard through social-media.

Common allergic reactions in orthodontics occur with orthodontic alloys, latex, acrylics and resin-based adhesive materials. However, allergic reactions to disinfectants are also common among hospital staff. The occurrence of such sensibilities also increased with the frequent use of disinfectants accompanying with routine sterilization methods in daily life. Disinfectants are commonly used components for the sterilization of many orthodontic materials. Therefore, it can be expected that this allergic reaction will be encountered more easily in orthodontics. However, disinfectant allergies that occur in patients during orthodontic treatment have not been reported in the literature so far. In this case report, a 15-year-old female patient, with no previous history of allergy, who had a reaction to disinfectant during the bonding stage is presented. Immediately after applying the braces, a type I allergic reaction with redness, irritation, itching and swelling on the lips had occured. A positive result was obtained against the disinfectant with the diagnostic skin prick test. For this reason, the sterilization of all orthodontic materials used for the patient was changed by heating the sterilized materials and successfully completed without allergic reactions. This case demonstrates the importance of awareness for disinfectant allergies that can be life threatening during orthodontics.

Phleboliths, one of the rarely seen soft tissue calcifications in the head and neck region, are calcified thrombi that often accompany hemangiomas. Phleboliths, resulting from injury of a vessel wall or cessation of blood flow are observed as typical target boards, microscopically and radiographically round or oval, as a result of the deposition of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate salts that bind to the organized thrombus. Although they are most commonly seen in the pelvic veins, they can be observed in the head and neck region at a rate of 15-25%. Phleboliths, which are variable in size and number, are often detected incidentally during routine imaging, as they do not cause subjective symptoms. Although standard radiographs are used to determine the typical appearance of head and neck region phleboliths, advanced imaging methods should be preferred to distinguish them from other calcifications such as sialoliths, tonsilloliths, calcified lymph nodes, atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid artery, healed acne lesions, cysticercosis in the same region. Herein, clinical and radiographic findings of a 22-year-old female patient who has been under follow-up with the diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma since the age of 8 and applied to our clinic for routine dental examination are presented.

Tooth-bleaching agents may lead to alterations on enamel surface. These changes require clinical treatment when they become visible and not limited with ultastructural alterations. The aim of this case report is to present how white spot lesions, one of the potential side effects that can be encountered after tooth-bleaching, were treated by the combination of different remineralization agents. In a 28-year-old female patient, demineralized areas on the enamel surface were detected on the fourth day after office bleaching with 40% hydrogen peroxide (Opalescence Boost PF). The patient reported no post-operative hypersensitivity. Topical fluoride gel (1.23% APF-Imicryl) and fluoride varnish (5% NaF-Clinpro 3M ESPE) were applied respectively by one week interval. The lesions were less noticeable but they still exist at the follow-up one week later after the application. A toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite with flouride free formulation-Karex was administired for daily oral care. One week later, it was observed that all demineralized areas were completely remineralized and the tooth color was determined as A1 with Vita color guide. The combined and gradually use of different remineralization agents in the treatment of white spot lesions after vital tooth-bleaching may be a clinically effective strategy.

The aim of this case report was to present the treatment of a mandibular right canine tooth with inadequate root canal treatment and a broken canal instrument at the apical region of the root canal.
Case report: A 35-year-old male patient applied to our clinic due to severe pain. Clinical examination revealed a deep carious lesion at the right mandibular permanent canine. Radiological examination revealed inadequate root canal treatment and a broken endodontic file in the middle third of the root canal and apical lesion. Retreatment was decided to be performed. At the first session, the broken instrument was inadvertently pushed into the apical region and the broken file couldn’t be removed. Calcium hydroxide was placed in the root canal, and temporarily restored. After 1 year, the patient returned with a healed apical lesion. During the second appointment, the broken file was successfully removed, followed by root canal filling and coronal restoration.
Conclusion: Endodontic file fractures localized in the apical region can be orthograde removed utilizing appropriate equipment and the expertise of a clinician. Even in the presence of a broken instrument in the root canal, healing may be possible if an adequate level of disinfection can be achieved.

Radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT) agents, which are important in cancer treatment, cause disruption in DNA synthesis or function of neoplastic cells. Mucous membranes with high dividing rates are sensitive to these treatments and mucosal integrity is easily damaged. Oral mucositis, stomatitis, dental caries, decreased salivation, pain, edema, and secondary infections can be seen as side effects due to CT or RT application or their combined use. These side effects may cause severe pain and require the use of narcotic analgesics. It may lead to dehydration and malnutrition due to poor nutrition and become a significant problem that negatively affects the treatment. It is important for dentists and healthcare professionals to provide oral care training to the patient before CT and RT and to make regular checks during the treatment. Also, It is recommended that regular oral care evaluation and appropriate oral care education programs be planned for patients during CT and RT treatment. This review is an examination of the dental treatments and oral care education that should be done in order to increase the quality of life of the cancer patients before and during the treatment and to reduce the side effects, in line with the published studies.

In cases where caries progresses in primary teeth, the pulp and periradicular tissues of the tooth become infected. Early loss of the infected primary tooth can cause various dental and skeletal problems in the child. In addition, it can affect the aesthetic appearance of the child, and may cause problems. Therefore, it becomes important to keep the tooth in the mouth instead of extracting the primary tooth. For this reason, endodontic treatment may be required to keep infected primary teeth in the mouth. Endodontic treatment is a routine treatment for primary teeth, but the fact that primary teeth have different tooth morphology compared to permanent teeth and the compliance problem in children who cannot cooperate while treating makes endodontic treatment difficult. In such caseslesion sterilization and tissue repair treatment using a triple antibiotic paste for the disinfection of infections in teeth with pulp and periapical lesions has come to the fore. The aim of this treatment is to sterilize the lesion by eliminating bacteria in the root canals and to promote tissue repair and regeneration. In this review, indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages and application procedures of lesion sterilization and tissue repair are mentioned.

A variety of antibacterial agents have been incorporated into experimental and commercial dental restorative materials to provide antibacterial activity for restorative applications. Antibacterial agents include leachable compounds, polymerizable monomers, and filler particles. Although many antibacterial agents have been tested in experimental formulations of dental materials, only four of them (benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, glutaraldehyde, and MDPB) are being used in current commercial dental products. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date summary information on both experimental and commercial antibacterial dental materials, as well as promising antibacterial agents.

One of the most important criteria in the success of dental implant treatment is that the operation must be performed under sterile conditions. The components used during the procedure must also be appropriately decontaminated. One of these components are the healing abutments that are installed simultaneously with fixture placement or following the completion of osseointegration. Implant healing abutments, which are considered to be in the "critical" category in terms of sterility depending on the tissues they come into contact with, should be applied sterile and ideally for single use. In clinical practice, healing abutments are sometimes used more than once following decontamination, owing to both practical and economic reasons. Many different procedures are performed methods such as mechanical cleaning, soaking in various disinfectant solutions, ultrasonic bath application, autoclaving are used alone or in combination, yet there is not a definitive protocol at all. In this review, the rationale of single or repeated use of healing abutments, different methods for decontamination of healing abutments and their efficacy and complications that may occur as a result of insufficient decontamination are discussed.