INTRODUCTION: For dental implant placement, primary requirement is adequate bone. Alveolar crest atrophy in maxillar posterior area may necessitate sinus augmentation. During sinus augmentation, complications may be seen due to anatomy and pathologies of the maxillary sinus. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between alveolar crest height (ACH) and maxillary sinus mucosal changes (SMC).
METHODS: Study included sixty maxillary posterior edentulous patients who had undergone cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) evaluation for implant planning. On CBCT images panoramic reconstructions were made to define the measurement sections and on cross-sectional images ACHs were measured. Any visible change in maxillary sinus mucosa were recorded.
RESULTS: Of the evaluated 60 patients, 63.3% showed SMCs. ACHs were, 16.78 and 17.39 mm for first premolar, 8.92 and 7.83 mm for second premolar, 7.07 mm and 5.37 mm for first molar and 10.05 mm and 8.5 mm for second molar areas in patients without and with SMCs, respectively. Average ACHs were lower in patients with SMCs in molar area (p<0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There is a correlation between alveolar crest height of the molar area and sinus mucosal change existence. Average alveolar crest height in the molar area is lower in patients with mucosal changes, compared to patients without mucosal changes. Sinus augmentation in the molar area requires attention for maxillary sinus mucosa.

INTRODUCTION: Operative extraction of impacted mandibular third molars is a safe surgical procedure that is often performed under local anesthesia in oral surgery department. The rate of the severe complications increases when the tooth is deeply impacted and it is associated with odontogenic cystic lesion.The aim of the present study is to assess the complication rate of surgical extraction of odontogenic cystic lesion associated deeply impacted thir molars performed with different surgical techniques in oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic between 2017-2019 and explain the preventive techniques.
METHODS: In this study; the results of surgical extraction of 42 odontogenic cystic lesion associated deeply impacted thir molars that were treated in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Ege University Faculty of Dentistry were evaluated. Clinical and radiological findings of the patients were recorded during the control sessions. Also; age and gender distribution of patients, the type of the odontogenic cystic lesion,the type of the surgical technique and the complication rates were evaluated
RESULTS: In this study, a total of 42 patients were operated with odontogenic cystic lesion associated deeply impacted mandibular third molars.73,80 % of the third molars participating in the study were extracted totally after the excision of the cystic lesion. 9,52 % of the third molars were extracted totally after the excision of the cystic lesion and prophylactic plate was applied.16,66 % of the third molars were operated with coronectomy technique after the excision of the cystic lesion. In 92.8% of the patients, biopsy of the pathological mass was reported as dentigerous cyst.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In the study, 11,90 % of the patients showed paresthesia of n.alveolaris inferior and in 4,76 % patients late mandibular fracture evaluated after the extraction of deeply impacted third molars which were extracted totally after the excision of the cystic lesion. Before the surgery, patients should be evaluated correctly by using accurate imaging techniques and the patients in high risk group should be identified and appropriate treatment planning should be made.

INTRODUCTION: The study aimed was to assess correlation and evaluate the agreement level between four different electronic pain rating scales in patients with symptomatic teeth.
METHODS: 50 patients with symptomatic teeth who consented were enrolled for this study. Patients’ age, sex, tooth type was recorded. Patients were then asked to mark their pain intensity on four pain rating scales; Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Color Analogue Scale (CAS), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and Faces Rating Scale (FRS) before root canal treatment via an electronic pain rating program. All scores were then subjected to statistical analysis to assess correlation and agreement level in pain interpretation.
RESULTS: A positive correlation was found between all pain rating scales (p<0.001). The highest correlation was observed between CAS and NRS scores (r=0.930, p<0.001). The highest level of agreement in pain interpretation was observed between CAS and NRS (0.685, p <0.001) while, the lowest was between CAS and FRS (0.384, p<0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: All rating scales presented a strong positive correlation whit a moderate level of agreement between scales indicating subjectivity of pain rating procedure.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this in-vitro research is to make a comparative evaluation of the physicochemical properties of different impression materials used for implant-supported restorations.
METHODS: 7 different impression materials were used in this study. 10 specimens were prepared separately using the Shark-Fin test device, surface detail reproduction device and shore A durometer device according to the manufacturers' instructions. The obtained data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA test.
RESULTS: The differences between surface details of the groups were found insignificiant. The fluidity value of polyvinylsiloxane impression material was found highest value according to Shark-fin test. The hardness values of polyether impression material at 0, 24th hours found highest where the highest hardness value at 72nd hour was measured for polyvinylsiloxane impression material according to Shore A durometer tests.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The impression materials used in this study for implant supported prosthesis were found clinically acceptable results.

INTRODUCTION: To compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of different heat-treated NiTi files.
METHODS: Scope RS Gold (25.06), Scope RS Blue (25.06) and Scope RS controlled memory (CM) (25.06) nickel titanium files were included in the present study (n=12). According to the manufacturer instruction files were rotated in an artificial stainless steel canal with 3 mm radius and 60° angle of curvature. The time to failure of files was recorded and the number of cycles to failure of the files were calculated. The data were analysed with One-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests.
RESULTS: The mean number of cycles to failure of files highest to lowest was Scope RS CM, Scope RS Gold and Scope RS Blue, respectively. A statistically significant difference was noted between Scope CM and the other two groups (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the Scope RS Blue and Scope RS Gold groups (p>0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Within the limitation of the present study the cyclic fatigue resistance of Scope RS CM nickel titanium files was greater than the Scope RS Blue and Scope RS Gold nickel titanium files.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the severity and frequency of early childhood caries (ECC) and to determine its relationship with socioeconomic, educational and life habits factors.
METHODS: This study was conducted on 251 children aged 3-5 years who applied to Dental Hospital for examination. Caries status
was determined by WHO criteria. Demographic data of the parents and children, data on feeding and oral hygiene habits of the
children were recorded in questionnaire forms. Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for statistical
analysis. Statistical significance was set p<0.05.
RESULTS: The frequency of ECC was 90% (226/251), Severe-ECC (S-ECC) frequency was 61% (153/251), dmft and dmfs index values were 5.65±3.83 and 9.37±7.21, respectively. The presence of ECC and S-ECC was not significant when evaluated in terms of gender(p=0.460), educational level(p=0.200) and income level(p=0.761); but was statistically higher significant in children who were fed up at night until 1-2 years of age(p<0.001), children who consumed sugar foods for more than 3 times a day(p<0.001), children who did not brush their teeth(p<0.001) and children who brushed their teeth without parental supervision(p<0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It is suggested that parents should be educated on oral health and motivated to supervise their children.

INTRODUCTION: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which specific periodontopathogens play a role in the advanced tissue loss process. The phagocytosis of invading bacteria by macrophages is important for resolution of inflammation in chronic inflammatory diseases. Little is known about the different bacteria strains and their attitude towards phagocytosis process in periodontal disease. We aimed to investigate the phagocytosis of Enterococcus faecalis and Prevotella intermedia for better understand the role of specific pathogenic behaviors of different strains on periodontitis.
METHODS: E. faecalis and P. intermedia were incubated with RAW 264.7 macrophages at 37°C and 5% CO 2 for 1 hour. A flow cytometric method was used to measure phagocytosis of fluorescently labeled bacteria.
RESULTS: The study included clinical isolates of E. faecalis and P. intermedia. Data obtained showed that E. faecalis was significantly resistant to phagocytosis by RAW 264.7 macrophages but not P. intermedia (p <0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study suggests that there is a difference in susceptibility to phagocytosis by macrophages between different strains of bacteria which are seen in the periodontal disease pathogenesis and there is a resistance of E. faecalis to phagocytosis.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the quality of websites displayed through search engines to get information about dental trauma using DISCERN tool.
METHODS: Ten keywords related to dental trauma were identified and internet search was conducted using these keywords on 3 different search engines (Google, Yahoo, Bing) between 29/03/2019 and 05/04/2019. The websites other then advertisement pages, repeated websites, academic publications, videos and images (n=47) were evaluated by using DISCERN.
RESULTS: Among the 300 web sites identified by three search engines and 10 keywords, 47 websites (15.67%) were found suitable for evaluation. The results were evaluated with 80 points on the DISCERN scale. The percentage of websites with a total score of 40 and above is 42.55% (n=20) and the rate of websites with a score below 40 is 57.45% (27). According to the DISCERN tool, the highest total score between the websites is 55 and the lowest total score is 16.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Internet information about dental trauma is limited. The vast majority of the information on the Internet is not sufficient to provide information about the post-traumatic practices for dental trauma patients and to guide people to a correct health facility. There is a need for a qualified web page.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the parent’s reasons for choice of toothpaste.
METHODS: The data of the study were obtained by questionnaires filled by parents of children aged between 1-14 years, who applied to the pediatric dentistry clinic between August 2018 and December 2018 in Istanbul, Erzincan and Uşak. In the questionnaire, the socio-demographic data of the parents and their children, age, gender and educational status were examined together with the attitudes towards the factors affecting the selection of paste. Chi square, Man Whitney U test and logistic regression analysis were used for further analysis.
RESULTS: A total of 653 questionnaires were included in the survey in 3 cities. The distribution of the participants by cities was 289 (44.3%), Erzincan (30.8%), Uşak 163 (25%). 30.8% of the children brush their teeth two times a day, 42.9% once a day, 25% brush once a week, and 1.4% do not brush at all. When the relationship between parents' and children's teeth brushing frequencies were examined, the correlation was weak and statistically significant. (r = 0.354, p <0.001). When the use of fluoridated tooth paste is examined; the use of fluoridated toothpaste for high school graduate parent is 2.97 times less than primary school graduate parent; university graduate parent prefers 4.1 times less fluoridated toothpaste than primary school graduate parent.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The anti-caries effect of toothpastes is the most important reason for parents' choice of the toothpaste. As the education level of parents increases, the preference for fluoridated toothpaste decreases.

A wide variety of materials are used in dental practice and allergic reactions are frequently encountered. Nickel-containing alloys are the most common contact allergen, but are widely used in orthodontic materials. Nickel is the most typical antigen that causes allergic contact dermatitis with Type IV delay hypersensitivity reaction and may cause intra / extraoral allergic reactions. Oral clinical signs and symptoms of nickel allergy include burning sensation, gingival hyperplasia, labial desquamation, angular chelitis, erythema multiforme, periodontitis, stomatitis with mild to severe erythema, peri-oral rash of papules, loss of taste or metallic taste, numbness and pain on the tongue side. Nickel allergy is common in the community and the incidence is higher in women. Patients should be questioned in terms of allergy when taking medical and dental history. The dentist should pay attention to this allergy during orthodontic treatment, know their findings, and if necessary, diagnose and refer to the specialist. Nickel-free materials should be used in cases diagnosed with nickel allergy. This paper provides a summary of nickel allergy, its epidemiology, orthodontic approach in patients with nickel allergy and the comparison of orthodontic materials in terms of nickel content.

Nowadays, a lot of pregnant women are examinated for various medical reasons (diagnostic or treatment) with imaging modalities not using ionizing radiation, such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging; or using ionizing radiation such as direct radiography, computed tomography, nuclear medicine imaging. Diagnostic imaging methods not including ionizing radiation are usually prefered during pregnancy period. On the contrary, not only all imaging modalities which include ionizing radiation have harmful influence on the human embryo and fetus, but also imaging modalities that do not use ionizing radiation have the potential to negatively affect fetus if they used unlimited in every case. Formation and severity of potential adverse outcomes such as genetic damage, intrauterine death, increased risk of malignancy, several structural and/or functional development abnormalities, mental retardation depend on many parameters including imaging modality, radiation dose and dose rate, period of pregnancy. The aim of this review is to update information about diagnostic imaging modalities prefered during pregnancy period and to share suggestions for proper usage of these techniques in accordance with the current information in the literature.

The gingival phenotype is used to define the thickness of the gingiva in the bucco-lingual direction and the keratinized tissue width. Gingival morphology mimics the underlying bone. The gingival phenotype may vary from person to person and in different tooth regions of the same person. It has been shown that gingival phenotype is an important factor affecting the outcome of treatment in surgical periodontal applications. Gingival thickness should be determined prior to mucogingival, regenerative and implant surgical applications in order to choose appropriate surgical method. Therefore, it is important in clinical practice to determine the gingival phenotype using reliable methods. To date, various invasive and non-invasive methods have been used to determine gingival thickness. In this review, general properties of gingival phenotype and gingival thickness measurement methods are explained in detail.