In order to investigate the morphological characteristics of patients with OSA and basis for selection of a MAS therapy, the
procedures which the craniofacial skeleton, soft tissue and upper airway are analyzed on lateral cephalograms are reviewed.
A narrow pharyngeal pathway may be one of the most significant predisposing factors for OSA. Accordingly, the objectives of
many treatment modalities are focused on widening the constricted part of the pharynx. Despite the obvious limitations as a twodimensional
imaging technique, cephalometrics has been used more recently as a clinical screening tool for OSA.
The efficacy associated with the use of MAS is paralel with changes in airway dimension. Lateral skull radiographs are obtained
with upright in occlusion. The changes in mandibular position, airway dimensions, and hyoid are examined.
Significant changes can be recorded in the airway dimensions, and in response to MAS. It is a method that records the effects of
MAS on oropharyngeal airway dimensions in the sagittal plane in conscious, supine. Morphological characteristics are specific to
the patients with OSA and who accept the MAS therapy.
Keywords: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), mandibular advancement slint (MAS), lateral cephalography, micrognathia

When determining the findings of a clinical study, whether a statistically significant difference exists between groups is evaluated. In case of statistical difference between groups this finding indicates that the possibility of observed difference regarding the
selected parameter is due to chance is low. However, it is desired for an inter-group difference which is statistically significant to be also clinically important. This issue is of critical importance in order to allow clinicians to compare different treatment choices.
On the other hand, a treatment choice’s effect which has a pronounced impact in reality may be found statistically similar to that of the control group due to enrollment of inadequate number of subjects to the study.
In this review, statistical and clinical significance, and statistical analyses performed to determine sample size and power will be discussed within the terms of these issues.

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is the biologic process of new bone formation between bone segments that are gradually separated by incremental traction. It is used for many purposes in orthodontics. One of the indications is widening of mandible with distraction
osteogenesis. The typically indication of mandibular midline distraction is anterior dental crowding with transverse mandibular deficiency. Because dental expansion is supported with skeletal expansion, mandibular midline distraction gives more stabile results according to the conventional dental expansion appliances. Mandibular midline distraction seems to be a reliable method with its clinical applications.
The aim of this review is to discuss the procedure applied during mandibular midline distraction, distractor types used, indications and complications.

All-ceramic restorations have become popular for restoring teeth that require an esthetic result. Dental implants have been restored with all-ceramic restorations in the hopes that a superior esthetic outcome will result, compared with a metal ceramic restoration. The optical properties of all-ceramic restorations offer a decisive advantage when compared to titanium abutments.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of two regenerative techniques for intrabony defects in humans: a combination of PRP versus a combination of PRP/DFDBA.
METHODS: The intrabony defects of thirty six patients participated in the study were surgically treated with either a combination of PRP or PRP/ DFDBA. The outcomes of the study included changes in probing depth, attachment level, and defect fill as revealed by clinical measurements and radiograms at 1 and 2 years post-treatment.
RESULTS: Clinical examination of the treated defects revealed that both treatment modalities resulted in significant probing depth reduction and clinical attachment gain compared to baseline values. There were statistical differences in PRP+DFDBA group compared to PRP in probing depth, attachment level, and defect fill.
CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that PRP and PRP/ DFDBA were both effective in the treatment of intrabony defects present in patients with advanced chronic periodontitis with narrow bone defects, but PRP/ DFDBA group was more effective than PRP.

OBJECTIVE: Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a C-type serum lectin that plays a key role in the innate immune response. Changes in MBL serum levels are related with recurrent infections. Before the development of a specific antibody response, MBL is already present in serum, and has a broad spectrum of binding to bacterial and infectious agents. The aim of the present study was to analyze the MBL serum levels in periodontally healthy subjects with recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU).
METHODS: Thirty four periodontally healthy volunteers consisting of; 17 RAU patients and 17 subjects without RAU were included to the study. 23.5% of subjects were heavy smokers (≥10 cigarettes/day) and 47% of them being female. The serum levels of MBL were measured by ELISA.
RESULTS: The MBL serum levels were significantly higher in the RAU patients compared to the subjects without RAU (1.79 ± 0.88 ng/ml, 1.11 ± 0.91 ng/ml) (p<0.05). Also MBL serum levels were significantly increased in the smokers (p=0.24); there were significant decrease in the ratio of RAS occurrence in the smokers (p=0.024). There were no correlations between the MBL serum levels, age and sex (p>0.05).
CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of the present study, MBL could play some role in the pathogenesis of RAU.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the fixed partial dentures (FPDs) from an aspect of the mean survival time of restorations, location where they were prepared, type of restorative material, crown removal technique and removal indication.
METHODS: This study was carried on 115 patients (85 women and 30 men) who had 15 (13%) full metal crown restorations, 63 (54.8%) metal-acrylic and 37 (32.2%) metal-ceramic bridgeworks, those survival time ranged between 35 and 76 (mean 53.98±8.55). In addition to the demographic data of the patients, the number of units, (pontics, abutments and cantilever) location of restoration in the arch, age and type of the restorations, type of restorative material, reasons for removal and departments that
requested the removal of FPDs were also recorded. Multiple comparisons were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U, Chi Square and Kruskal-Wallis H tests (α=0.05).
RESULTS: 100 bridges of 727 units containing 464 abutments (mean 4.64±2.02), range 1-9) and 263 pontics (mean 2.63±1.23, range 1-9) were evaluated in this study. The number of unit distribution on the type of restorative material was, 290 abutments (2.66 (±1.16), 2-9) and 168 pontics (1.92 (±1.29), 1-9) for 63 metal-acrylic restorations, 174 abutments (2.56 (±1.36), 1-7) and 95 pontics (2.08 (±1.21), 1-7) for 37 metal-ceramic restorations respectively. Age of crown and bridge restorations ranged from 1 to 39 years and the mean age was calculated as 8.95±7.47 years. Reasons for removal of restorations were arranged as toothache (%37.4), periodontal problems (%20), replacement (%15.6) and lack of retention (%12.2). Multiple comparisons between the type of restorative material, departments that requested the removal of restorations, reasons and techniques of removal were not found to be statistically significant (p>0.05). The relations between the mean age of restorations and departments requested the removal (p=0.04), reasons for removal (p=0.00), and removal technique (p=0.02) were found to be significant.
CONCLUSION: Toothache was determined to be the main reason for the removal of restorations. Restoration removal technique changes depending on the number of units and the mean age of restorations.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of different exposure times on the curing effect of high intensity LED of different composites by the microhardness measurement.
METHODS: Sixty samples were prepared in 2 mm thickness and 5 mm diameter using microhybrid and nanohybrid composite resins. High intensity LED was applied to the samples for the manufacturer’s recommended curing time and half of this curing time. Conventional QTH was only used for the manufacturer’s recommended curing time. Knoop microhardness measurements were obtained on the top and bottom surfaces of the samples. Statistical analyses were carried out by two way-ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, Dunnett C and independent t-tests.
RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between the top surfaces of samples cured by LED and QTH for the manufacturer’s recommended curing time (p<0.05). When the curing time was reduced to the half with LED, hardness values on both the top and bottom surfaces were decreased (p<0.05). Higher hardness ratio values were obtained with LED compared to QTH (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION: LED showed similar performance with QTH in terms of top surface polymerization, but better performance than QTH regarding bottom surface polymerization when it was used for the manufacturer’s recommended curing time. When the curing time was reduced to the half with LED, hardness values on the top and bottom surfaces were decreased.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of resin shade, curing tip distance and curing time on the microhardness of two different compomers.
METHODS: Two hundred compomer specimens were randomly prepared and divided into twenty experimental groups (n=10): two curing tip distances, five resin shades and two curing times. After all samples were polymerized with LED device, microhardness measurements were obtained on the top and bottom surfaces. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way variance analysis.
RESULTS: The microhardness of dark resin shades at bottom surfaces were found statistically lower in comparison with the other groups. In the evaluation of curing tip distances, the microhardness of bottom surfaces in 4 mm group was found statistically lower. There were significant differences between 20 s and 40 s curing times at bottom and top surfaces.
CONCLUSION: It was concluded that resin shade, light curing tip distance and curing time are important factors to be considered for obtaining adequate polymerization.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the alterations of oral self-care 6-12 months after nonsurgical periodontal treatment.
METHODS: A hundred individuals were included in questionnaire-study. Questions focused on utilization of dental clinics and oral hygiene habits. Oral self-care composed of tooth brushing and interdental cleaning were controlled on each individual.
RESULTS: All individuals reported brushing their teeth and proportion of self-reported interdental cleaning was 72%. However, percentage of incorrect utilization of tooth brush and interdental devices were 24% and 43%, respectively. Of total number of individuals, 38% reported they attended to Department of Periodontology two or more times for periodontal treatment. There was significant association between correct utilization of tooth brush and interdental devices.
CONCLUSION: Individuals can not maintain oral self-care properly in short-term after periodontal treatment. Therefore maintenance appointments should be scheduled at regular intervals depending on clinical needs, and evaluation of self-care especially interdental cleaning should be checked in these appointments.